Braz J Infect Dis. 1999 Dec;3(6):215-219.
Comparative In Vitro Activities of Moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039) and Other Antimicrobial Agents Against Respiratory Tract Pathogens in Brazil.

Del' Alamo L, Sampaio J, Miranda EA, Sader HS.

Special Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (LEMC), Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Clinical isolates of respiratory tract pathogens were susceptibility tested against six different antimicrobial agents. The in vitro activity of moxifloxacin was compared with that of levofloxacin, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate acid, azithromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against 111 isolates, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and other species isolated from respiratory tract infections. All isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin, except for two isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which showed intermediate-resistance (MIC=6microg/mL), and one isolate of Escherichia coli which showed resistance (MIC>32microg/mL). Only moxifloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were active against 100% of S. pneumoniae isolates at the suceptible breakpoint (MIC90, 0.25 microg/mL and 0.064 microg/mL respectively). The rank order of the activity among this group of drugs against S. pneumoniae was as follows (% of susceptibility): moxifloxacin = amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%) > levofloxacin (97%) > cefaclor (71%) > trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (54%) > azithromycin (53%). Except for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, all antimicrobial agents were 100% active against H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, were the most potent compounds against these pathogens (MIC(90) 0.032 0.19 microg/mL). These in vitro susceptibility testing data of moxifloxacin support the view that this fluoroquinolone will have an important therapeutic role in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11084671&dopt=Abstract antibiotic amoxicillin




Helicobacter. 2005 Jun;10(3):157-171.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Proton Pump Inhibitor vs. Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate Plus Two Antibiotics in Helicobacter pylori Eradication.

Gisbert JP, Gonzalez L, Calvet X.

Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of 'La Princesa' Madrid, Spain.

ABSTRACT Objective. To systematically review the Helicobacter pylori eradication efficacy with ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and two antibiotics, and to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) vs. RBC with two antibiotics for 1 week. Methods. Selection of studies: Studies evaluating RBC plus two antibiotics were considered. For the meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials comparing PPI vs. RBC plus two antibiotics for 1 week were included. Search strategy: Electronic and manual bibliographical searches. Assessment of study quality and data extraction: Independently done by two reviewers. Data synthesis: 'Intention-to-treat' eradication rate. Meta-analysis was performed, combining the odds ratios (OR) of the individual studies. Subanalysis: Depending on the type of antibiotics and the quality of the studies. Results. Mean H. pylori eradication with 7-day RBC-clarithromycin-amoxicillin, RBC-clarithromycin-nitroimidazole, and RBC-amoxicillin-nitroimidazole was 83%, 86%, and 71%, respectively. The meta-analysis showed comparable efficacy with RBC and PPI when they were combined with clarithromycin and amoxicillin (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.88-1.40), or with amoxicillin and metronidazole (OR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.60-1.41). However, when comparing PPI vs. RBC plus clarithromycin and a nitroimidazole, higher cure rates with RBC than with PPI were demonstrated (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.15-2.37). Conclusion. The efficacy of RBC and PPI-based triple regimens were comparable when using the clarithromycin-amoxicillin or the amoxicillin-metronidazole combination. However, RBC seems to have a higher efficacy than PPI when clarithromycin and a nitroimidazole are the antibiotics prescribed. Therefore, if one prefers to use the clarithromycin-nitroimidazole regimen, RBC should be used instead of a PPI.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15904473&dopt=Abstract antibiotic amoxicillin




J. Control Release. 2000 Jul 31;68(1):23-30.
pH-sensitive freeze-dried chitosan-polyvinyl pyrrolidone hydrogels as controlled release system for antibiotic delivery.

Risbud MV, Hardikar AA, Bhat SV, Bhonde RR.

School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, 400 076, Mumbai, India.

The aim of this study was to develop a pH-sensitive chitosan/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) based controlled drug release system for antibiotic delivery. The hydrogels were synthesised by crosslinking chitosan and PVP blend with glutaraldehyde to form a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN). The semi-IPN formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. Semi-IPNs, viz, air-dried and freeze-dried, were compared for their surface morphology, wettability, swelling properties and pH-dependent swelling. Air- and freeze-dried membranes were also incorporated with amoxicillin and antibiotic release was studied. Porous freeze-dried hydrogels (pore diameter, 39.20+/-2.66 microm) exhibited superior pH-dependent swelling properties over non-porous air-dried hydrogels. A high octane contact angle (144.20+/-0.580) of hydrogel was indicative of its hydrophilic nature. Increased swelling of hydrogels, under acidic conditions, was due to the protonation of a primary amino group on chitosan, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. Freeze-dried membranes released around 73% of the amoxicillin (33% by air-dried) in 3 h at pH 1.0 and, thus, had superior drug-release properties to air-dried hydrogels. Freeze-dried membranes could serve as potent candidates for antibiotic delivery in an acidic environment.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10884576&dopt=Abstract antibiotic amoxicillin




Prescrire Int. 2000 Aug;9(48):99-102.
Ceftriaxone and otitis in children: new indication. Only in special circumstances.

[No authors listed]

(1) Ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is now licensed in France for (intramuscular) treatment of acute otitis media in children, both as first-line therapy in children under 30 months, and after failure of a first antibiotic regimen. (2) The clinical file on first-line ceftriaxone treatment is relatively bulky. In contrast, only two non comparative trials of ceftriaxone after failure of initial treatment are available. (3) According to trials of first-line treatment, the efficacy of a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone is equivalent to that of the sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim combination and the amoxicillin + clavulanic acid combination, and similar to that of amoxicillin (when all these reference antibiotics are given orally for 10 days). (4) Pain at the injection site is the main adverse effect of ceftriaxone, despite the local anaesthetic (lidocaine) contained in the solvent.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11067716&dopt=Abstract antibiotic amoxicillin

dsb.unich.it

The in vitro intracellular effect of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, lansoprazole, and rifabutin, tested at concentrations corresponding to one times the MIC, two times the MIC, and four times the MIC, was evaluated against an invasive Helicobacter pylori strain. At four times the MIC, clarithromycin showed an early bactericidal effect within 4 h of incubation and, in determining the complete killing within a 16 h-incubation period, lansoprazole and rifabutin showed comparable activity, yielding bactericidal activities within 4 and 8 h of incubation, respectively. Amoxicillin and metronidazole showed bacteriostatic activity only.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11302831&dopt=Abstract antibiotic amoxicillin