Acta Trop. 1979 Jun;36(2):163-70.
Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics in large calf agglomerations.

Raska K, Raskova H, Urbanova Z, Matejovska D, Matejovska V, Palounek V, Polak L.

The antibiotic resistance of E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter-Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from calves was tested. A high proportion of multiresistance was found even in E. coli strains isolated from newborn calves. Gram-negative bacteria isolated from animals in three large calfhouses were almost 100% resistant to ampicillin, tetracyclines and sulphonamides. Multiresistance was general and varied from 5 to 12 antibiotics among different strains. Initial high sensitivity to antibiotics which had never been used before was observed. Antibiotic resistance rapidly increased after use started. The usefulness of antibiotics in E. coli induced diarrhea is questioned and oral rehydration is appraised.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=41425&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Chemotherapy. 1979;25(6):329-35.
Diffusion of beta-lactam antibiotics and fosfomycin to interstitial tissue fluid in rabbits.

Vicente MV, Olay T, Quecedo MC, Rodriguez A.

The ability of seven antibiotics (carbenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin and fosfomycin) to enter interstitial tissue fluid was evaluated. Using rabbits with implanted subcutaneous chambers, antibiotics were given intramuscularly as a single dose of 15 mg/kg, and antibiotic levels in serum and interstitial fluid of the chambers were determined at variously scheduled times after injection. The results indicated that antibiotic concentrations in the two compartments did not run parallel. The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that, in general, antibiotic diffusion from blood to interstitial fluid increased with the concentration gradient and the serum half-life, and there was an inverse relationship to pKa, protein binding and molecular weight of the antibiotic.


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Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Jan-Feb;1(1):55-63.
Genetic determinants of microbial resistance to antibiotics.

Young FE, Mayer L.

Department of Microbiology, University of Rochester, New York 14642.

Emergence of antibiotic resistance is related to the ease of mutation, to the extent of exchange of genetic information in bacteria by conjugation, transformation, and transduction, and to the large-scale use of antimicrobial agents in the biosphere. In addition to the development of resistance through chromosomal mutation and exchange of chromosomal genes among organisms, there is a more profound enlargement of the gene pool by the dissemination and amplification of plasmids. Two examples of the exchange of antibiotic resistance are analyzed: the transfer of plasmids from Bacteroides fragilis to Escherichia coli and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of STreptococcus pneumoniae. Plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance in B. fragilis were transferred to E. coli by DNA-mediated transformation and conjugation. The beta-lactamase in the transformants and transconjugants displayed the same substrate specificity and electrophoretic mobility as the donor strain. The plasmid apparently was integrated rapidly into the chromosome of the recipient strain. Multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae were analyzed for plasmids, and none were detected. Furthermore, no evidence of linkage between the traits of multiple antibiotic resistance was observed. beta-Lactamase was not detected in the penicillin-resistant strains; therefore, it is likely that the resistance in these strains was chromosomal rather than plasmid-mediated. The range of genetic exchange and the use of Koch's postulates in determining the genetic mechanism of antibiotic resistance are illustrated and discussed.


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J Dairy Sci. 1975 Jun;58(6):938-46.
Distribution of labeled antibiotics in different components of milk following intramammary and intramuscular administrations.

Ziv G, Rasmussen F.

In crossover trials, four lactating goats were given intramammary infusions and intramuscular injections of radioactivelabeled benzylpenicillin, spiramycin, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, and tetracycline. Milk was collected after each treatment and the antibiotic contents in whole milk, skim milk, and whey were determined microbiologically and radiochemically and in cream and casein by radiochemical assay methods. Uptake of antibiotics by cream and casein was highly dependent on drug concentration, increasing with the decrease in antibiotic content in whole milk. Lipophilic chloramphenicol and tetracycline were concentrated in cream to a higher degree than the less lipophilic benzylpenicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. Antibiotic uptake by cream separated from whole milk after intramuscular injection was higher than after intramammary infusion. Antibiotic uptake by casein was independent of the route of administration and was highest for dihydrostreptomycin and tetracycline and lowest for benzylpenicillin.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=49365&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Arch Dermatol. 1976 Aug;112(8):1101-7.
Cross-sensitivity of common aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Chung CW, Carson TR.

Guinea pigs were sensitized to neomycin (A, B, or C), paromomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin via intradermal or foot-pad injection with an adjuvant containing killed Mycobacterium butyricum or M tuberculosis H37Ra (Ra). These antibiotics produced greater cross-sensitization with an increase in the number of immunizations and chemical structural similarities. After repeated intradermal injections (adjuvant Ra) of neomycin, guinea pigs showed cross-sensitization to paromomycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. A single intradermal injection of one of these antibiotics produced stronger reactions to the most closely related antibiotics, with no meaningful sensitization to the least-related allergens. Streptomycin-sensitized guinea pigs seldom showed a meaningful cross-sensitization to dihydrostreptomycin or the other antibiotics (except neomycin C); however, guinea pigs sensitized to dihydrostreptomycin or the other antibiotics often showed strong cross-sensitization to streptomycin.


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Surgery. 1977 Apr;81(4):473-7.
Selecting patients requiring antibiotics in biliary surgery by immediate gram stains of bile at operation.

McLeish AR, Keighley MR, Bishop HM, Burdon DW, Quoraishi AH, Dorricott NJ, Oates GD, Alexander-Williams J.

The value of selecting patients for antibiotic cover during biliary surgery by the use of immediate gram stains of bile was determined in a nonrandomized prospective study which compared two groups of patients. Group A consisted of 119 consecutive patients in whom antibiotics were administered during operation according to the results of immediate gram stains on bile. Group B included 101 patients, none of whom received antibiotics. In Group A gentamicin was given for gram-negative bacteria, ampicillin for gram-positive organisms, and no antibiotics were given if no bacteria were seen on the gram stain. In Group A the incidence of wound sepsis was 7 percent, compared with 22 percent in Group B (p less than 0.005). Septicemia occured in 2 percent of Group A, compared with 8 percent in Group B. It is concluded that immediate gram stains of bile will provide a means of selecting patients requiring antibiotic cover during biliary surgery; furthermore, this procedure is a practical way of reducing postoperative sepsis while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic administration.


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Antibiotiki. 1977 Sep;22(9):809-13.
[Side effects of antibiotics in patients with thermal burns]

[Article in Russian]

Murazian RI, Panchenkov NR.

The possibilities of antibacterial therapy in the clinics of burn diseases has at present decreased because of increasing microflora resistance to antibiotics. This phenomenon is one of the most often causes of antibacterial drug side effects in burn patients. For control of infections complications in burn patients which are most often lethal it is necessary to use biologically active subtance, such as prodigiozan and lysozime in addition to the directed antibiotic therapy. The use of specific antitoxic antistaphylococcal drugs, such as antistaphylococcal plasma and antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in combination with the antibiotics of the direct action provided effective control of infectious complications and sepsis of staphylococcal genesis in burn patients. Decamine proved to be effective along with the usual use of nystatin in cases with dysbacteriosis as a result of the antibiotic side effects. In the patients treated with decamine the sings of candidosis disappeared by the 5th--7th day. Therefore, for decreasing the side effects of antibiotics in the clinics of burn patients it is expedient to use antibiotics in combination with the biologically active and immune preparations which increases the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, impfoves the treatment results and decreases the antibiotic side effects.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=71876&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics