birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
Ovulation recovery after hormonal contraception.

Portuondo JA, Sarasola R, Echanojauregui AD, de los Rios A.

In an attempt to study the ovulation recovery after hormonal contraception, 20 patients who were on B. C. P. (birth control pills) during 12--36 months, were switched to I. U. D. contraception, and the ovarian changes occurred were assessed by laparoscopy and laparoscopic ovarian biopsy. Fresh corpus leuteum was found in 12 cases (60%), some follicular activity in 4 cases (20%) and no signs of activity in 4 cases (20%). Our results suggest that neither the length of hormonal contraception nor the patient's age have any particular influence upon the return of ovulation.

PIP: The ovulation recovery of 20 patients, aged 25-45, who had taken oral contraceptives for 6-30 months and then changed to Lippes Loop C IUDs, was studied on the 22nd and 23rd day of the 1st cycle following the change in the contraceptive method. The age of the patient was apparently not a determinant in ovulation recovery as 62% of those aged 25-35 years and 58% of those aged 35-45, had a successful recovery. Similarly, duration of pill use appeared to have no effect on recovery. Tables show 1) the number and % of cases by macroscopic and histologic findings; and 2) the % of cases showing ovulation recovery and failure by duration of oral contraceptive use and by the age of the patient.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=446422&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
Antibody against hepatitis A in seven European countries. I. Comparison of prevalence data in different age groups.

Frosner GG, Papaevangelou G, Butler R, Iwarson S, Lindholm A, Courouce-Pauty A, Haas H, Deinhardt F.

Using a solid phase radioimmunoassay, antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) was determined in 3890 sera from populations in seven European countries. Prevalence of anti-HAV was lowest in Scandinavian countries and highest in Greece and France. Antibodies were found in 77 (13%) of 602 blood donors in Sweden, in 29 (17%) of 175 blood donors and women taking birth control pills in Norway, in 273 (39%) of 700 blood donors in Switzerland, in 262 (52%) of 505 blood donors in Holland, in 365 (55%) of 661 accident patients in West Germany, in 452 (75%) of 600 blood donors in France and in 530 (82%) of 647 persons in Greece. Prevalence of anti-HAV increased with age in all populations tested, indicating nearly total exposure to HAV in persons over 19 years of age in Greece and in persons over 39 years of age in West Germany, Holland and France. Antibody was found more frequently in rural than in urban populations in Greece and Switzerland. Calculation of the age-specific incidence of HAV infections suggests a remarkable decline in the exposure rate in the last few decades.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=463865&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
[How to distinguish 2-phase (sequential) steroid contraceptives]

[Article in Czech]

Presl J.

PIP: Sequential birth control pills are less common than monophasic pills, partly because the "first generation" sequential pills, which used estrogen only during the 1st part of the cycle, were more dangerous than the monophasic pills. Nevertheless, it is necessary to compare the "2nd generation" sequential pills which use an estrogen/progesterone combination in the 1st half of the cycle. Useful measures for comparison are estrogen content in equivalent doses of mestranol (EEME) and progesterone content in equivalent does of medroxyprogesterone-acetate (MPA). The Czech product Norbiogest (Spofa), along with Stedril-d (Wyeth), Microgynon (Shering), and Rigavidon (Richter) had the lowest dose of estrogen - .05 mg./day - in both parts of the cycle. The product Tri-Ervonum (Glaxo) has potent estrogen activity at .1mg/day throughout the cycle, but it is still less than the discontinued product Antigest (Spofa), which utilized 0.17 mg. estrogen daily, and was estrogen dominant in both parts of the cycle. Norbiogest (Spofa) is estrogen dominant in the 1st half of the cycle and progesterone dominant in the 2nd half. Norbiogest (Spofa) exhibits less extreme dominance in both parts of the cycle than does its parent drug, Biogest (Spofa). If the norethesterone in Norbiogest was replaced with norethesterone-acetate in equal weights, the 1st part of the cycle would be balanced, neither estrogen nor progesterone dominant. This "Neo"-Norbiogest would be similar to Perikursal (Wyeth).

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=647801&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
Erroneous clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis in women on oral contraceptives.

Barnes RW, Krapf T, Hoak JC.

Most studies demonstrating an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women on oral contraceptives are based on clinical manifestations of the disease. Because of the fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of suspected leg vein thrombosis, Doppler ultrasonic evaluation (with a 93% accuracy compared to venography) was performed for clinical manifestations in deep vein thrombosis in 54 women taking birth control pills and 75 women of similar age who were not on contraceptives. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler in only 16.7% of the women taking contraceptives and 30.7% of women not taking contraceptives (P = 0.052). This study suggests that the clinical diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis is frequently erroneous, particularly in women taking oral contraceptives. Future investigations reporting venous thromboembolism associated with oral contraceptives should be based on diagnoses validated by accurate objective techniques.

PIP: Erroneous diagnosis of leg vein thrombosis among pill users could be attributed to the unreliability of clinical diagnosis. To prove this point, the result of Doppler ultrasonic evaluation of pill users with suspected leg vein thrombosis were compared with those of non-pill users suspected of deep vein thrombosis. 129 women (54 cases and 75 controls) of similar age, clinical manifestations, and absence of predisposing factors (e.g., trauma, recent surgery, malignancy) underwent a complete venous Doppler examination. The incidence of venous thrombosis among pill users was confirmed by the Doppler method in only 16.7% of pill users and 30.7% of non-pill users (P = .052). The results of this study, however, did not define the true incidence of venous thrombosis among pill users. This was attributed to the fact that only patients with suspected venous disease were objectively diagnosed; many patients with proven venous thrombosis may be asymptomatic and could not detected by conventional clinical studies. At best, this study demonstrated the necessity of using an objective screening technique, such as the Doppler ultrasonic, on patients (especially women on oral contraceptives) suspected with deep vein thrombosis; it also resulted in establishing some guidelines in managing treatment of such patients.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=652202&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
[Voluntary sterilization: USA and China]

[Article in Czech]

Presl J.

PIP: At the present time, there are in the U.S. 9.5 million married people and 2 million single people who have undergone voluntary surgical sterilization. That means that in 29% of married couples, one of the partners has been surgically sterilized. Women are more frequently sterilized than men, in the ratio of about 8:1. In 60% of the cases, women are sterilized after delivery, and in 40% of the cases the procedure is carried out at another time. If present trends continue, voluntary sterilization will soon replace birth control pills as the most frequently used contraceptive method in the U.S. In China, about 34 million married people have been sterilized. This represents about 20% of all married couples. In the Shaghai area, about 30% of women in the child-bearing ages have been sterilized; one Shaghai hospital performed 4000 sterilizations to 3000 deliveries in 1976. In China, the government dicted "norm" is 2 children, and couples experience considerable social pressure to limit their families to this size. The male method of surgical sterilization is vasectomy, while conventional laparotomy, mini-laparotomy, colpotomy, laparoscopy, and culdoscopy can be performed in women. The drawback of surgical sterilization is its relative irreversability. In India, 1% of sterilized women and 4% of sterilized men have had their fertility restored. Furthermore, a study of British sterilized women showed that 3.3-4.6% of them regretted their decision to be sterilized. This study showed that divorce, the death of a child, a change in opinion, and sexual dysfunction were the most common reasons women had for wanting reversals of surgical sterilization. Tubal ligation is theoretically reversible in 10 to 50% of the cases. Success of the reversal procedure depends largely on the skill of the surgeon and the amount of damaged tube. New methods for occluding the tube, namely the Yoon ring, the fallope ring, and the Hulka-Clemens clip damage the least amount of tube and therefore offer the best hope for reversal.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=688441&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
The effect of oral contraceptives on mononuclear cell cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in premenopausal women taking oral contraceptives: relevance to atherosclerosis.

Yatsu FM, Hagemenas FC, Manaugh L, Tyson J.

PIP: Among the many, multifactorial etiologies of atherosclerosis is excessive filtration and deposition of lipids, particularly cholesterol esters, in arterial walls; furthermore, the monoclonal theory purports that the artheroma is an uncontrolled proliferation of cells similar to a benign tumor. These 2 aspects of atherosclerosis pathogenesis were studied in 5 healthy women on birth control pills by investigating the level of mononuclear cell cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH). Control subjects underwent identical investigation. Mononuclear CEH activity was signficantly lower in women on oral contraceptives than in controls in 4 of the 5 test intervals and showed no signficant fluctuation in activity. Average value of CEH in 5 women on birth control pills was 927+ or -81 pmol/mg of protein/hour. In 5 men followed at 5-day intervals, no significant fluctuation of CEH activity was found. Mean average was 2373+ or -92. Total cholesterol and its ester in both plasma and mononuclear cells showed no signficant differences at the 5-day intervals between men and women. However, plasma cholesterol/cholesterol ester ratios were significantly higher in women than men at each of the 5-day intervals from Days 5-25. An additional link between female hormones and atherosclerosis is suggested by the finding that women on oral contracepitves, known to be predisposed to premature atherosclerosis, show reduced and nonfluctuating levels of mononuclear cell CEH.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=757088&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-16.matches:
birth control pill
Adolescent sexual behavior in the eighties.

Bigler MO.

PIP: This paper summarizes what is known about adolescent sexual behavior in the 1980s. One study found that 85% of American teens have had a boyfriend or girlfriend. Overall, 43% of teens have participated in vaginal play and 40% have experienced penile manipulation. A significant number of teenagers report having participated in oral sex. Many adolescents also report that they masturbate. Surveys of American adolescents have found that, on the whole, average age at 1st intercourse ranges from 16 to 16.9 years, but some teenagers begin to have intercourse shortly after puberty. The proportion of sexually-experienced teens increases with age. Many adolescents see their 1st experience sexual intercourse as a conscious, personal choice. At all ages, males are more likely to report having had intercourse than are females. Many adolescents who have had intercourse report regular contraceptive use. More than 1/3 (33%-39%) report contraceptive use every time they engage in intercourse. However, a large number of sexually experienced teenagers use contraception irregularly. Teenagers who have had intercourse express a preference for birth control pills over condoms as their primary means of contraception. Inconsistent contraceptive use among teens is reflected in the number of adolescent pregnancies in the US each year. In 1984, there were 233 adolescent pregnancies/1000 sexually active 15-19-year-old females. A large share of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion. 1 in 7 teens contracts a sexually transmitted disease each year. Many believe that teens are at high risk of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) because of poorly protected sexual experimentation and intravenous drug use. Healthy adult sexuality may depend a great deal on the earlier years of sexual development.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12143748&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
Complications associated with IUD use in a family practice setting.

Lewis RD, Shank C.

This study compares the complication rate of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) with other contraceptive measures in a residency practice. The study population included 220 randomly selected women who had IUDs inserted by residents over a five-year period. One hundred similarly selected women started on birth control pills (BCP) were used as a control group. Of the IUD patients, 8.6 percent developed pelvic inflammatory disease vs 2 percent of the BCP patients. The incidence of gonorrhea was not significantly different between the two groups: 8.2 percent for the IUD groups vs 7 percent for the BCP group. Discontinuation of IUDs for reasons other than desiring pregnancy was significantly higher than discontinuation of BCPs: 41 percent vs 12 percent. Of the total IUD insertions, there were 21 expulsions (10 percent) and one uterine perforation (0.4 percent). Five pregnancies occurred in the IUD group, yielding a pregnancy rate of 1.7 per 100 women-years. There was a four percent rate of gynecologic hospitalizations in the IUD group as contrasted with one percent rate in BCP group. IUD use in the family practice setting under study is associated with comparatively poor long-term acceptance and a relatively high rate of complications.

PIP: A study was conducted to define IUD complication and discontinuation rates among a family practice residency patient population. The study group included 220 randomly selected IUD acceptors and a control group of 100 similarly selected pill acceptors. The rate of pelvic pain and bleeding found in this study were comparable to results of other IUD studies; both were causes of IUD discontinuation. The difference between the 8.6% pelvic inflammatory disease rate among IUD patients and the 2% rate in pill patients was highly significant. 4% of the IUD users, compared to only 1% of the pill users, required gynecologic/obstetric-related hospitalization during the study period. Most of these hospitalizations were for serious conditions and most were at least partially related to IUD use. Both the discontinuation and complication rates for IUDs were found to be high enough that the method is not recommended for young, otherwise healthy women without careful consideration of the alternatives available.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=759549&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-31.matches:
birth control pill
Self-esteem, locus of control, and adolescent contraception.

Herold ES, Goodwin MS, Lero DS.

The relationships between locus of control, self-esteem, and attitudes to contraception and contraceptive behaviors were assessed for 486 single women of ages 13 to 20, attending 10 birth control centers in Southern Ontario, Canada. The Ss voluntarily filled out a questionnaire, and the data were measured with the Fatalism scale of Reid and Ware's I-E scale, a Likert-type self-esteem scale, and a semantic differential birth control pill scale. There were no significant relationships between locus of control and any of the contraception variables. Ss with high self-esteem were found to have positive attitudes toward using birth control pills, to be less embarrassed about obtaining contraception, and to be more effective and consistent contraceptive users.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=759623&dopt=Abstract birth control pill



birth-control-32.matches:
birth control pill
Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in viral hepatitis: suppression in pregnancy and by birth control pills.

Combes B, Shore GM, Cunningham FG, Walker FB, Shorey JW, Ware A.

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in serum was increased in the majority of women with viral hepatitis occurring in the first half of pregnancy. By contrast, GGT activity was abnormal less frequently and the mean value was relatively depressed, even though hepatitis was as severe, in the second half of gestation. Mean GGT activity was also lower, and abnormal values were less frequent, in nonpregnant women with viral hepatitis who were taking birth control pills (BCP). Depressed GGT is not attributable to an inhibitor in serum in women in late pregnancy or taking BCP. The data suggest that estrogen and/or progestational compounds affect liver such that less GGT is released into blood with acute hepatocellular injury. In addition, hyperbilirubinemia was found to be associated with depressed serum GGT activity, and bilirubin added to serum in vitro interfered with measured activity of the enzyme.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12064&dopt=Abstract birth control pill