Elimite
Resistance of permethrin to weathering in fabrics treated for protection against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, Reifenrath WG, Gutierrez GA, Korte DW Jr.

Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, California 94129.

Two different methods of treating cotton and nylon-cotton fabrics with permethrin were evaluated for protection from mosquito bites after laboratory weathering. Cotton fabric treated by the individual dynamic absorption method provided consistently better protection than cotton fabric treated by the aerosol method. The nylon-cotton fabric provided similar protection regardless of the treatment method. After weathering, the toxic effects of both types of permethrin-treated fabrics treated by both methods diminished much more rapidly than did the repellent effect. Low residual amounts of permethrin in the fabrics provided 85% protection from bites against Aedes aegypti (L.) and 93% protection against Anopheles stephensi Liston. Permethrin-treated fabrics were effective in providing protection from mosquito bites for long periods, even after exposure to weathering, and appear to be an effective means of reducing nuisance effects and disease transmission by mosquitoes.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1974929&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
Comparative field evaluation of permethrin and deet-treated military uniforms for personal protection against ticks (Acari).

Evans SR, Korch GW Jr, Lawson MA.

Entomological Sciences Division, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010.

The effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated (PI) versus permethrin-sprayed (PS) military battle dress uniforms was evaluated in protecting soldiers from tick bite. At the same time, an extended-duration formulation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet), when applied to clothing only, was evaluated and compared with the permethrin-treated uniforms. Testing consisted of exposing subjects, clothed in either untreated or the variously treated uniforms, to field populations of ticks during a series of 30-min field trials over a period of 21 d during July and August 1988. Permethrin, applied as either a spray (0.5% [AI]), or as an impregnant (0.125% [AI]/cm2), was more effective than deet (33.25% [AI]) applied to clothing only in protecting individuals from tick bite. The mean numbers of ticks on deet-treated, PI, and PS uniforms were 60, 97, and 98% lower, respectively, than on untreated uniforms against all encountered life stages of Amblyomma americanum (L), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman and Corwin.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2231620&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
Permethrin metabolism in pyrethroid-resistant adults of the horn fly (Muscidae: Diptera).

Sparks TC, Byford RL, Craig ME, Crosby BL, McKenzie C.

Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803.

The in vivo metabolism of topically applied 14C-permethrin was determined for adults of pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.) at 1, 2, and 6 h after treatment. At 1 and 2 h after treatment, resistant horn flies had significantly higher internal levels of radioactivity (permethrin plus metabolites) compared with adults of the susceptible strain. Analysis of the internal extracts by thin-layer chromatography indicated no differences in the levels of permethrin. However, significantly higher levels of metabolites that co-chromatograph with 3-(2'- or 4'-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl (1RS) cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate at 1 and 2 h after treatment and (1RS) cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid at 1 h after treatment. These results demonstrate that an enhanced penetration and metabolism are present during the early phases of permethrin intoxication. Enhanced metabolism may contribute to the ability of resistant horn flies to survive in the presence of pyrethroids.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2376635&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
Treatment of scabies with permethrin versus lindane and benzyl benzoate.

Haustein UF, Hlawa B.

Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Karl Marx University, Leipzig, GDR.

This open clinical study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and side effects of lindane (1% and 0.3%), benzyl benzoate (20% and 10%) and permethrin (5% and 2.5%) after two, three, and one application at bedtime, in the treatment of scabies in 114 adults and 80 children aged between 0 and 5 years. Treatment failures were registered after lindane in 3 adults and 2 children, whereas benzyl benzoate and permethrin cured all patients as assessed after a 3-week follow-up. The number of irritations and post-scabious eczematous reactions was increased after benzyl benzoate treatment. Permethrin proved to be very reliable and exhibited few side effects when applied once at bedtime. Because of the percutaneous absorption and neurotoxicity of lindane, the application of permethrin can be recommended as a useful alternative in premature infants and small children, patients with seizures and neurological complications, in cases of therapeutic failure with lindane the treatment needs to be repeated, in scabies crustosa, as well as in children, pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2472724&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
[The treatment of scabies with permethrin in comparison with lindane and benzyl benzoate]

[Article in German]

Haustein UF, Hlawa B.

This open clinical study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and side-effects of lindane (1% and 0.3%), benzyl benzoate (20% and 10%) and permethrin (5% and 2.5%) after twice-, three times- and once application at bedtime, respectively, in the treatment of scabies in 104 adults and 70 children aged between 0 and 5 years. Treatment failures were registered afer lindane in 3 adults and 2 children, while benzyl benzoate and permethrin cured all patients as assessed after 3 weeks follow-up. The number of irritations and postscabious eccematous reactions was increased after benzyl benzoate. Permethrin revealed to be very reliable and exhibited only a few side-effects when applied once at bedtime. Because of the risk of the percutaneous absorption and neurotoxicity of lindane, the application of permethrin can be recommended as an useful alternative in premature infants and small children, patients with seizures and neurological complications, in cases of treatment failures of lindane with the need to repeat the therapy, in scabies crustosa as well as in children, pregnant woman and nursing mothers.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2472976&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite