skin-care-2.matches: skin care
Liposomes.

Posner R.

Robert Posner has 40 years of experience in skin care bench chemistry, product development, and sales and marketing. Working closely with dermatologists and plastic surgeons, Posner is a former member of the NY State Hospital Pharmacists Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the American Association of Hospital Pharmacists. Currently, Posner sits on the Board of Directors of EMDA (Esthetic Manufacturers and Distributors Association). Posner has written numerous articles for Les Nouvelles Esthetiques Magazine, is presently a consultant for Day Spa Magazine, and had been one of only two non-dermatologists on a consultant basis with Cosmetic Dermatology Journal. Posner's company--ABBE Cosmetic Group International in Farmingdale, NY--formulates and manufactures skin care products for many well-known companies in the beauty industry. For many years, both the bench chemist and the dermatologist have been concerned with developing an ideal base for deliverance of 'actives' to the human epidermis. As is common knowledge, the skin is a protective organ which allows very few materials to penetrate. Some bases are unable to work effectively because of their relative inability to penetrate the stratum corneum; for example, some notable actives such as collagen and elastin are molecules too large to penetrate effectively. With the liposome at our command however, we can carry and then release an active into several layers of epidermis. We can release both oil- and water-soluble actives, and at the same time control the feel and effectiveness of a topical application. This article will examine the liposome: what it is, how it works, and how products made with liposomes can benefit dermatology.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12847740&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-2.matches: skin care
Skin assessment and pressure ulcer care in hospital-based skilled nursing facilities.

Siem CA, Wipke-Tevis DD, Rantz MJ, Popejoy LL.

MU Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. siemslakeview att.net

The Minimum Data Set, a comprehensive assessment tool for nursing home residents, is used for clinical decision-making, research, quality improvement, and Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. Within the Minimum Data Set, pressure ulcers and skin condition are evaluated. Because information about pressure ulcer prevalence and care in hospital-based skilled nursing facilities is sparse, a study was conducted to: a) determine pressure ulcer prevalence upon admission to hospital-based skilled nursing facilities in the state of Missouri, and b) ascertain methods of assessment, treatment, and documentation of skin and pressure ulcer care in these facilities. Prevalence data were obtained from analysis of the Minimum Data Set data, and a survey was conducted to obtain skin care practices. The vast majority of residents (96%) were admitted from acute care facilities, and pressure ulcer prevalence on admission was 18.4% +/- 8.0%. Seventy-seven percent (77%) of the 88 surveys mailed were returned. The Braden or Norton Scale for risk assessment is reportedly used by 55% of facilities; whereas, 35% use a facility-developed tool. Commonly reported pressure ulcer prevention/treatment interventions used include: dietitian referral, use of barrier ointments, and a written repositioning schedule. Incontinence management and minimizing the head of bed elevation were infrequently used. Nearly one-half (47%) of facilities reported daily reassessment and documentation of wound status, suggesting less-than-optimal, time-consuming wound care practices. Despite the limitations inherent in survey designs and the use of databases such as the Minimum Data Set, the results of this study suggest that pressure ulcers are a common problem in acute care and hospital-based skilled nursing facilities and research-based risk assessment, prevention, and wound assessment strategies have not been widely implemented. The results of this study provide a basis for developing educational programs and a guide for future research.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12874483&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-2.matches: skin care
Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate against ultraviolet B-induced damage in cultured mouse skin.

Nakayama S, Katoh EM, Tsuzuki T, Kobayashi S.

Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.

The ability of the novel water-soluble provitamin E, alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate, to protect against ultraviolet B-induced damage in cultured mouse skin was investigated and compared with the protectiveness of alpha-tocopherol acetate in cultured mouse skin. Pretreatment of skin with 0.5% (9.4 mM) alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate in medium for 3 h significantly prevented such photodamage as sunburn cell formation, DNA degradation, and lipid peroxidation, which were induced in control cultured skin by a single dose of ultraviolet B irradiation at 0 to 40 kJ per m2 (290-380 nm, maximum 312 nm). This protection was greater than that seen with alpha-tocopherol acetate, the most common provitamin E that is used in commercial human skin care products. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol in cultured skin pretreated with 0.5% alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate rose to approximately two to three times that found in the control skin and the reduction in cutaneous alpha-tocopherol that was induced by ultraviolet irradiation was significantly inhibited. In the group pretreated with 0.5% alpha-tocopherol acetate, however, conversion of alpha-tocopherol acetate to alpha-tocopherol was not observed, although the level of provitamin incorporated into the cultured skin was the same as that for alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate. These findings indicated that the enhanced ability of alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate to protect against ultraviolet B-induced skin damage compared with alpha-tocopherol acetate may have been due to alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate's conversion to alpha-tocopherol. Moreover, following pretreatment with a 0.5% alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate, alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate was incorporated into the human skin in a three-dimensional model and 5% of the incorporated alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate was converted to alpha-tocopherol. These results suggest that treatment with the novel provitamin E, alpha-tocopherol-6-O-phosphate may be useful in preventing ultraviolet-induced human skin damage.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12880434&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-2.matches: skin care
Vitamin C activity in guinea pigs of 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L- ascorbic acids with a branched-acyl chain.

Tai A, Kawasaki D, Goto S, Gohda E, Yamamoto I.

Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

A series of novel acylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids with a branched-acyl chain (6-bAcyl-AA-2G) were recently developed in our laboratory as stable and lipophilic ascorbate derivatives. In this study, the bioavailability of 6-bAcyl-AA-2G was investigated in guinea pigs. Various tissue homogenates from guinea pigs hydrolyzed 6-bAcyl-AA-2G to give ascorbic acid (AA), 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G), and 6-O-acyl AA. The releasing pattern of the three hydrolysates suggested that 6-bAcyl-AA-2G was hydrolyzed via 6-O-acyl AA to AA as a main pathway and via AA-2G to AA as a minor pathway. The former pathway seems to be of advantage, because 6-O-acyl AA, as well as AA, can have vitamin C activity. In addition, we found that a derivative with an acyl chain of C(12), 6-bDode-AA-2G, had a pronounced therapeutic effect in scorbutic guinea pigs by its repeated oral administrations. These results indicate that 6-bAcyl-AA-2G is a readily available source of AA in vivo, and may be a promising antioxidant for skin care and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12951499&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-3.matches: skin care
Cataract and retinal detachment in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who were withdrawn from the use of topical corticosteroid.

Taniguchi H, Ohki O, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Tanaka A, Kiyosawa M, Nishioka K.

Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Japan.

Many patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan are afflicted with persistent erythema of the face (atopic red face) that is not only resistant to topical corticosteroid, but often becomes worse with its use. During a three-year period (1991-1993), we treated 79 inpatients with severe AD by a combination of careful daily skin care, use of emollients, and exclusion of exacerbating factors. Occular complications before and after treatment were examined in these cases. After withdrawal of topical corticosteroid, almost all of the patients showed a temporary worsening of their skin condition. Immediately thereafter, their occular symptoms did not change. Cataract was found in 20 cases (25.3%), and retinal detachment in 9 (11.4%). After 2 months, 11 cases of cataract and 5 cases of retinal detachment in the peripheral retina were observed. However, these incidences were similar to the numbers reported in Japan during conventional treatment with topical corticosteroid. The development of cataract or retinal detachment had no relationship to serum IgE levels, personal history of respiratory atopy, the duration of topical corticosteroid use on the face, or treatment with systemic corticosteroid. Our observations suggest that patients who habitually tap or rub their faces strongly tend to develop cataract or retinal detachment at a statistically significant higher frequency. Patients with AD should have ophthalmologic examinations every one to two months for at least one year after a facial oozing attack or withdrawal of corticosteroid.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10554432&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-1.matches: skin care
Improving the aqueous solubility of triclosan by solubilization, complexation, and in situ salt formation.

Grove C, Liebenberg W, du Preez JL, Yang W, de Villiers MM.

School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

Triclosan, an antimicrobial, although widely incorporated into many skin care products, toothpastes, and liquid soaps, presents formulation difficulties because it is practically insoluble in water. The objective of this study was to improve the aqueous solubility of triclosan through solubilization, complexation, and salt formation. The solubility of triclosan in distilled water and in phosphate buffers (pH 7.4) was determined at 30 degrees C. The order of solubilizing performance of the solubilizers was: N-methylglucamine> or =L-arginine>sodium lauryl sulfate>beta-cyclodextrin> or =hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin>ethanolamine>sodium benzoate>sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate>triethanolamine> or =diethanolamine. These solubilizers increased the solubility of triclosan from 80- to 6000-fold. Micellar solubilization and the formation of either salts or complexes are postulated as possible mechanisms for the increase in the solubility of triclosan by the surfactant sodium lauryl sulphate, the cyclic sugar derivatives beta-cyclodextrin and 2-hydropropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, the amino acid L-arginine, and the amino sugar alcohol N-methylglucamine. Furthermore, although the bacteriostatic efficacy of triclosan was significantly increased when solubilized with N-methylglucamine, L-arginine, and ethanolamine, increased solubilization did not increase the effectiveness of triclosan for all solubilizers tested.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14730370&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine skin-care-3.matches: skin care
Neck rejuvenation by combining Jessner/TCA peel, dermasanding, and CO2 laser resurfacing.

Fulton JE, Rahimi AD, Helton P, Dahlberg K.

Fulton Skin Institute, Newport Beach, California, USA.

BACKGROUND: One of the greatest challenges facing facial cosmetic surgeons today is the simultaneous rejuvenation of the neck and face. Laser resurfacing of the face using the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser or the erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser has enjoyed widespread popularity, but the neck and chest are often avoided. It would be quite helpful to rejuvenate the neck at the same time the face is being resurfaced. This would diminish lines of demarcation and help reduce the signs of aging of the neck. There would be a better match between the new skin of the neck and face. OBJECTIVE: To develop a safe and effective method to rejuvenate the neck. METHOD: A step-by-step skin care program was instituted. The patients preconditioned their face and neck skin with vitamin A/glycolic skin conditioning lotions for 6-8 weeks prior to surgery. Following this the chest and neck area was treated with the Jessner-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel. Then the middle section of the neck was sanded with 150 grit sandscreen. Finally, the central area was resurfaced with the UltraPulse CO2 laser using reduced power settings. Usually two passes was adequate to shrink the skin of this central section of the neck. A petrolatum-based ointment was applied during the initial 7-day postoperative period. After reepithelialization a sunscreen-moisturizer was used during the day and hydrocortisone moisturizer was applied at night. RESULTS: The neck skin was able to tolerate this step-by-step skin rejuvenation. The blending from the decollete area to the hairline produced a rejuvenation without a line of demarcation. There were no examples of scarring in the 12 cases that were evaluated for 6 months. Two cases developed persistent erythema that responded to silicone gel sheeting. Although no patients complained of hypopigmentation, a decrease in pigment was found using special UV photography. CONCLUSION: It is possible with this gradient, step-by-step method to produce a rejuvenation of the neck. An improved texture of the neck developed without visible scarring.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10594574&dopt=Abstract skin, skin care, skin care medicine