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References: Laxative

Int J Eat Disord. 1994 Mar;15(2):113-23.
Prognostic indicators in bulimia nervosa treated with cognitive-behavioral group therapy.

Blouin JH, Carter J, Blouin AG, Tener L, Schnare-Hayes K, Zuro C, Barlow J, Perez E.

Department of Psychiatry, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ontario, Canada.

Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome were identified in 69 women with the DSM-III-R diagnosis of bulimia nervosa who participated in a weekly 10-session structured cognitive-behavioral outpatient group program. Prior to treatment, all subjects completed the computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), the Moos Family Environment Scale (FES), the Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders (DSED), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, Revised (SCL-90-R), the Bulimic Cognitive Distortions Scale (BCDS), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Bulimic Symptoms Checklist (BSCL). The latter three scales were readministered on completion of the 10-week group. Symptom improvement was assessed by examining percentage reduction in binge frequency, purge frequency, and summed scores for the EDI subscales Bulimia, Drive for Thinness, and Body Dissatisfaction. The only significant predictor of improvement in binge frequency and bulimic cognitions was family environment. Conflicted, controlling, and over-organized family environments appear to impede both reductions in binge frequency and changes in bulimic cognitions. Reduction in vomit frequency was associated with weight history and with laxative or diuretic use. The implications for planning psychotherapeutic interventions in bulimia nervosa are discussed.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8173557&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Int J Eat Disord. 1994 Mar;15(2):125-34.
Clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa in males: 24 new cases.

Sharp CW, Clark SA, Dunan JR, Blackwood DH, Shapiro CM.

University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park.

As part of a larger prognostic study of anorexia nervosa, clinical features at presentation of 24 males with anorexia are described, and compared with a female group matched for date of admission. Data were extracted from the original case records and follow-up interview. The study confirms the view that males display the classical syndrome of anorexia nervosa, but differs from previous studies in several respects. Age at onset (mean 18.6 years) and at presentation (mean 20.2 years) is later, with a mean duration of illness at presentation of only 1.6 years. A premorbid tendency to obesity is confirmed; maximum weight loss during the illness amounted to 42% matched population mean weight (MPMW), and weight at presentation was 78.5% MPMW, somewhat higher than the female group. In keeping with earlier studies, binging and vomiting were noted commonly, in around half of sufferers, but laxative abuse was less frequent and excessive exercising more frequent in males. Depressive and obsessional symptoms are common in both groups, and a strong family history of affective disorders and alcohol abuse was noted in over one third.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8173558&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Gut. 1993 Aug;34(8):1099-101.
Anthranoid laxative abuse--a risk for colorectal cancer?

Siegers CP, von Hertzberg-Lottin E, Otte M, Schneider B.

Institute of Toxicology, Medical University of Lubeck, Germany.

Anthranoid-containing laxatives--aloe, cascara, frangula, and rheum--may play a role in colorectal cancer. This risk is particularly important in view of the wide abuse of self administered laxatives for chronic constipation. There are data on the genotoxic potential of anthranoids and there is evidence of a tumourigenic potential in rodents. A case report and clinical-epidemiological studies have evaluated the cancer risk in patients who have abused anthranoid laxatives over a long period. Pseudomelanosis coli is a reliable parameter of chronic laxative abuse (> 9-12 months) and is specific for anthranoid drugs. In a retrospective study of 3049 patients who underwent diagnostic colorectal endoscopy the incidence of pseudomelanosis coli was 3.13% in patients without pathological changes. In those with colorectal adenomas, the incidence increased to 8.64% (p < 0.01), and in those with colorectal carcinomas it was 3.29%. This lower rate was probably caused by incomplete documentation of pseudomelanosis coli in those with carcinoma. In a prospective study of 1095 patients, the incidence of pseudomelanosis coli was 6.9% for patients with no abnormality seen on endoscopy, 9.8% (p = 0.068) for patients with adenomas, and 18.6% for patients with colorectal carcinomas. From these data a relative risk of 3.04 (1.18, 4.90; 95% confidence interval) can be calculated for colorectal cancer as a result of anthranoid laxative abuse.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8174962&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

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