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References: Laxative

J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993 Feb;47(1):23-6.
Factors associated with constipation in a community based sample of people aged 70 years and over.

Campbell AJ, Busby WJ, Horwath CC.

University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with constipation in elderly people. DESIGN--The study was a survey involving administration of a structured questionnaire, an interview, and a dietary assessment. SETTING--The survey was community based and the population studied was drawn from the practice records of all five general practitioners serving a rural township of 13,500 people. PARTICIPANTS--778 (91.8%) of the 856 people aged 70 years and over registered with the five practitioners took part. MAIN RESULTS--174 subjects had symptoms of infrequent bowel motions or frequent straining at stool or used laxatives regularly. Of this group, 34 had a bowel motion only every 3 d or less frequently and were considered to have constipation. Analysis of this subgroup showed that constipation was more common in women than men, increased with age, and was associated with the use of constipating drugs. Those whose bowels moved infrequently were a more frail group who were less physically active. Low intakes of dietary fibre, fruit, vegetables, bread and cereals, or fluid were not associated with an increased occurrence of constipation. There were 151 subjects who felt they were moderately constipated, but who had a bowel motion at least every 2 d. These people were more likely than the rest of the sample to use laxatives (55.6%), were more likely to take food for their bowels, to take hynoptics, and to regard their health as poor. CONCLUSIONS--About one third of people aged 70 years and over have some bowel problem such as infrequency, straining at stool, or frequent laxative use. Most modify their diet accordingly but laxative use remains high.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8382251&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Pediatrics. 1993 Mar;91(3):591-4.
Is combination therapy for encopresis nutritionally safe?

McClung HJ, Boyne LJ, Linsheid T, Heitlinger LA, Murray RD, Fyda J, Li BU.

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ohio State University, Columbus.

Chronic constipation accounts for 3% to 5% of pediatric primary care outpatient visits. The most severely affected of this group develop a flaccid colon insensitive to distention, and encopresis. Laxatives and lubricants have been the standard therapeutic agents during the bowel decompression phase of encopretic therapy. Fiber has been the cornerstone of maintenance programs. Each of these agents is accompanied by considerable anxiety in the lay literature. This study evaluates the safety of combined high-fiber, laxative, and lubricant therapy on bowel movement frequency, fecal soiling, and nutritional status over a 6-month period. Blood chemistry values, dietary fiber intake, defecation pattern, and psychological profile were evaluated before and after the 6-month study. Biochemical and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were not adversely affected by the therapy. Seventy-five percent of the children were able to remain free of soiling and the remaining 4 of 16 had soiling episodes reduced to a frequency of less than once a week. This study confirms that children with encopresis can respond to a combined program of increased fiber intake, laxatives, and mineral oil following a complete bowel cleanout, without experiencing deleterious effects.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8382783&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

J Pharm Pharmacol. 1986 Aug;38(8):606-10.
Dual effect of orally administered sennosides on large intestine transit and fluid absorption in the rat.

Leng-Peschlow E.

Quantity and consistency of the faecal output, large intestine transit time, and colonic net fluid absorption were investigated in rats after oral administration of sennosides A + B (12.5-200 mg kg-1). The release of normal faecal pellets was accelerated 3-4 h after drug administration; excretion of soft faeces was evident within 4-5 h and reached its maximum 5-7 h after administration. Large intestine transit time was dose- and time-dependently influenced by sennoside treatment. A highly significant reduction in transit time from more than 6 h in controls to 90 min for a 2 h pretreatment and a nearly maximal reduction to 30 min for a 4 h pretreatment was induced by a dose of 50 mg kg-1. Inhibition of net fluid absorption in the colon was maximal with the same dose, but clearly more pronounced after a 6 h pretreatment period than after a 4 h period. Since the increase in fluid volume due to net fluid secretion is delayed compared with the acceleration of large intestine transit, the early motility effect seems to be largely independent of the changes in absorption mechanisms. Therefore, the laxative effect of the sennosides consists of changes in colon motility as well as in colonic fluid absorption, but motility may be an earlier and more sensitive parameter than net absorption.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2876077&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

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